A Rose for Emily and The Yellow Wallpaper - 1723 Words

The stories, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† both display how external dominance, isolation, and judgment from the outside world may cause one to lose their right mind. In both stories, the main characters begin to sink into further isolation from the outside world, leaving reality in the past. The point of view of each story is told from a firsthand account of the events that occur. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† the story is told from an outsider’s point of view, someone who has watched and observed all that is written down. Perhaps the narrator is one of Emily’s past lovers or someone who has heard these stories simply from small town gossip. Either way, we immediately trust this narrator because they are speaking directly†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"We remembered all of the young men her father had driven away† (Faulkner 316). We note that Miss Emily never married and was a recluse from the townspeople until the day she died. She was isolated from her town, abandoned by her father, and judgment fell upon her from every watchful eye of that small town. The whole structure of this story suggests a sense of gloom and darkness. Look at how she is described, â€Å"†¦a small, fat women in black†¦her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal† (Faulkner 315). Her house was dark and dusty. Isolation is apparent from the beginning to end of the story. In the same way, Jane is literally placed in a big empty room, in isolation from everyone else in the house. Gilman gives us glimpses of Jane’s confinement as the story progresses. Look at how her room is described. â€Å"†¦the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls† (Gilman 341). This suggests that Jane is placed in a mental hospital room. There are bars on the windows so she cannot escape, and rings on the walls to keep her from roaming about. Both of our main characters, Emily and Jane, defy the rules under which they are expected to obey. Jane is strictly told that she is not to write in her diary, and if she is caught, she is met with heavy oppression. She is not allowed to write, work, take care of her own child, or even think about her condition. However, Jane writes inShow MoreRelatedA Rose for Emily the Yellow Wallpaper5184 Words   |  21 PagesThe protagonists in both â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner and in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman experience struggles within their society throughout their respective stories. Although the stories are very different, the struggles for each protagonist stem from the perception and expectations of women in society during the time each story was written. The protagonist in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† struggles throughout the story due to her controlling husband and a woman’sRead MoreIsolation in â€Å"a Rose for Emily† and â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper†1222 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman are two well written short stories that entail both similarities and differences. Both short stories were written in the late 1800’s early 1900’s and depict the era when women were viewed less important than men. The protagonist in each story is a woman, who is confined in solitary due to the men in their lives. The narrator in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is the mutual voice of the townspeople of Jefferson, whileRead MoreComparison and Contrast of the Yellow Wallpaper and the Rose for Emily1078 Words   |  5 PagesParis Claypool Eng 120 Essay 1 06/12/2010 A Rose for Emily and The Yellow Wallpaper â€Å"A Rose for Emily’’ By William Faulkner and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman,† are two short stories that both incorporate qualities of similarities and difference. Both of the short stories are about how and why these women changed for lunacy. These women are forced into solitude because of the fact that they are women. Emily’s fatherRead More Essay on Escape in A Rose For Emily and Yellow Wallpaper735 Words   |  3 PagesEscape from Reality in A Rose For Emily And The Yellow Wallpaper In the Victorian era, women were thought to be weaker than men, thus prone to frailty and female problems. They were unable to think for themselves and only valuable as marriage material. The women in Faulkners A Rose for Emily and Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper are driven insane because they feel pigeonholed by the men in their lives. They retreat into their own respective worlds as an escape from reality, and finally rebelRead MoreCompare And Contrast A Rose For Emily And The Yellow Wallpaper937 Words   |  4 Pageshas shifted dramatically from those in the late 1800s and early 1900s. In the short stories â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the protagonists experience gender stereotyping and live in a society where there are certain expectations of women all the while they suffer from mistreatment due to the lack of understanding of their mental illness. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† William Faulkner and Charlotte Perkins Gilman challenge the role of women and the stigma of mentalRead More Insanity and Madness in A Rose For Emily and Yellow Wallpaper965 Words   |  4 PagesInsanity in A Rose For Emily And The Yellow Wallpaper    The women in Faulkners and Gilmans stories are victims of male over-protectiveness.   The men that rule their lives trap Emily in A Rose For Emily and the narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper. Each character must retreat into their own world as an escape from reality. Emily is destroyed by her fathers over-protectiveness. He prevents her from courting anyone as none of the young men were quite good enough for Miss Emily and such (82)Read MoreComparison between The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily969 Words   |  4 Pagesstories, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, both female protagonists, experience a time of seclusion leading to self- realization. Hence, both of these pieces of literature illustrate the troubles of women in a male-dominated society. As a result, both characters experience oppression by overbearing male influences and are physically and emotionally isolated. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† take place inRead MoreControl and Manipulation in A Rose for Emily and The Yellow Wallpaper600 Words   |  3 Pages In William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper, the two main characters exhibit behavior that some readers may consider unusual or even totally crazy. These two women are having a difficult time adjusting to the many changes taking place around them. In the midst of these changes, they face the struggles of being women such as post partum depression and love and rejection from men. Such problems become so overbearing that each woman ends up in theirRead MoreWhat Is The Similarities Between The Yellow Wallpaper And A Rose For Emily1184 Words   |  5 Pages Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s, The Yellow Wallpaper and William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily are two psychological short stories that followed the lives of two v ery misunderstood women. Each story had many similarities, which showed the inequalities that women had faced in the early 20th century. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s, The Yellow Wallpaper and William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily  are two disparate works that explore, and show the ultimate struggles that a woman faced in the time period that theyRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, And William Faulkner s A Rose For Emily1340 Words   |  6 Pagesinternal struggle women goes through are Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† and William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† The two protagonist from these short stories, the unnamed narrator and Emily, display symptoms of â€Å"hysteria† because they experience conflicts between their individual desires and social influences that either repress their feelings or displace their feelings. The unnamed narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† symbolizes the majority of women by showing what they endured in

Similarities And Differences Between Civilizations,...

Many of the early world civilizations had similar experiences when evolving to become the influential societies that affected other societies. They were called the first civilizations because they were able to form the first functional communities, successful systems of organized laws over people, the distinction of social classes, economic income, and development of arts and educations. Two of histories well-known civilizations, Mesopotamia and Ancient China had similar experiences in the beginnings of their histories, they still have a different cultural and political views. These early civilizations experienced similar environmental situations that contributed to the shaping of their societies because both societies were built around two river valleys. Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates river, but their river valley societies were surrounded by a desert that was easy terrain. While the first Chinese civilization developed along the Huang he (Yellow) and Yang Zi rivers, but this society was isolated from the rest of the world. Ancient China was surrounded by various environmental barriers; deserts from the north and west, the surrounding oceans from the east, and mountainous valleys from the south limited this societies interaction. Even though these civilizations had different environmental surroundings, they both had to adapt to their situations. These societies were located in fertilely rich lands that were great for agricultural lifestyles,Show MoreRelatedComparing The River Valley Civilizations1509 Words   |  7 PagesComparing and Contrasting River Valley Civilizations In the following treatise, the research that will be presented will provide criteria involving similarities and differences in three attributes of life in the four primary river valley civilizations. The river valley civilizations are composed of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. While each of these civilizations is unique in their habits and traditions, they share many similar qualities. For this work to be as comprehensive asRead MoreDescribe The Relationship Between Ancient Civilizations1023 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Civilizations In this essay I will be explaining the relationship between four ancient civilizations. These civilizations include; Mesopotamia, India, China and Egypt. Not only will I be explaining the relationship between these four civilizations, I will also be explaining how the geography of these civilizations relate to religion, social classes,and writing. Paragraph 1 - Describe land and water forms The geography of these four civilizations are very important aspect of their cultureRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Egypt and Mesopotamia901 Words   |  4 Pagesdeveloped around the Nile River, while Mesopotamia developed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Egypt and Mesopotamia grew into complex civilizations. Politically, both Egypt and Mesopotamia had a government with one main ruler, but Egypt had a centralized government with a pharaoh, while Mesopotamia had a decentralized government with a king. Socially, both civilizations were patriarchal, but Egypt was more lenient towards women while Mesopotamia was stricter. The political and socialRead MoreMesopotamia, Egypt and China Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesThe civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and China were all different but were also developed similar ways of doing things. The political, economic and intellectual outlooks of these ancient peoples say a lot about their ways of life. The religious views of Egypt and Mesopotamia were rather different. II. Politics The political thinking of these ancient civilizations definitely had their differences and also their similarities. A. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia was divided into city-statesRead MoreThe Link Between Earth And Heaven1278 Words   |  6 PagesEarth: Try to imagine these three distinct situations: The year is 1124 B.C.E and in China, the Zhou dynasty has recently prevailed over the largely successful Shang Empire. Just years earlier in approximately 3100 B.C.E, near the smooth flowing Nile, a conqueror by the name of Menes (Narmer) was in the process of establishing a centralized state which was to be ruled by the supreme pharaoh. Back in â€Å"the land between the two rivers†, Babylonian ruler King Hammurabi was enforcing his strict judgementsRead More Seeds of Trees Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pages According to the encyclopedia Encarta, a civilization is an advanced state of a society possessing historical and cultural unity. There are four early river valley societies that had successfully met the requirements to be called civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India. These four civilizations encompass several similarities as to how they developed, including location, spirituality, governmental structure and form s of written communication. Location played a fundamental role in theRead MoreAncient Greek Architecture : The Doric Style And The Ionic Design Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesThere are three types of columns found in ancient Greek architecture but two of the three columns are: The Doric style and the Ionic design The Doric style is rather sturdy and its top (the capital), is plain. This style was used in mainland Greece and the colonies in southern Italy and Sicily. The Ionic style is thinner and more elegant. Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (a volute). This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands. 2). The ushabti (also called shabti or shawabtiRead MoreEssay about Comparison of Ancient China and Ancient Egypt954 Words   |  4 PagesThere were four main ancient River Valley civilizations: the Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia, the Nile River of Egypt, the Indus River of India, and the Yellow River of China. These civilizations showed specific similarities and contrasting differences. Many of these differences and similarities showed up in the three categories of the technological advances, the types of government, and the geography of the civilization. Two civilizations that are very interesting to delve deeper into and studyRead MoreVarna and Jati Essay850 Words   |  4 Pagesin our culture?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the Vedic Age of Indian civilization, it is believed that after the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization some of the kinship groups and patriarchal families migrated into India.   As some within the Aryas tribe (light-skinned) entered into the Ganges Valley, they encountered a struggle with the Dasas tribe (dark-skinned) but managed to force the tribe into southern India.  Ã‚   The struggle between the tribes led to the development of the Varna class system.  Read MoreThe First Civilizations : The Rise Of Civilization1876 Words   |  8 PagesThe first civilizations, the foundations for future empires, were all founded and created between 3500 B.C.E. and 500 B.C.E. by groups of nomadic peoples who decided to settle in an area for certain group specific reasons. Some of the main states of the first civilization were Mesopotamia, Norte Chico, Egypt, Indus Valley, China, and Olmec. The second wave civilizations, built betwe en 500 B.C.E. and 500 C.E., included the Persians, the Greeks, Romans, Chinese (Qin and Han), and India (Mauryan and

Diva Momma Gives A Fierce Performance Free Essays

Beyondg’s vocal ability and potential, she proved them wrong to do so, when she performed at the Super bowl half- time show with approximately about 12 minutes of booty-shaking, body grinding, hair-tossing and GIRL POWER! They were definitely wrong to say so, as not a single yawn was let out. No one peeped out a word during it as everyone was completely entranced by Honey Bee’s cabinetmaking performance. Everyone at the edge of their seats wondering what song she will sing next. We will write a custom essay sample on Diva Momma Gives A Fierce Performance or any similar topic only for you Order Now And every single time, she didn’t disappoint her fans, not one bit. In fact, she got them even more excited, got them screaming and shouting her lyrics back at her throughout the whole performance. The Stage setting and special effects intertwined in elegance and awe. It was very well organized and clearly was thought through for weeks, even months! The lighting was so effective, while adding flavor to Beyondg’s performance and still managed to keep the focus on her! My favorite special effect though was when a guitarist (who rocked everyone’s socks off by the way) came out of nowhere and had sparks coming out of it, while Beyond was right beside it wowing off the vast variety of pitches she can belt out. Was captivated. Her outfit was very bold and out of this universe. She wore a cropped black leather motorcycle jacket and a leather bodysuit made with strips of python and iguana, with some lace. It was like a woman’s modern warrior outfit. It’s already fierce enough as it is, but to put Bye in it? The fierce-meter is about to explode! Honey Bee looked rather smashing and wore it as if to remind everyone in the audience that she is one sexy, sexy woman, because, we didn’t know that already. Her song choices were very clever as they were all well-known which allowed the audience to sing/scream along. It included ‘Crazy in Love’ ‘End of Time’ and 3 songs which she sang with her ex-group members Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams. They literally came shooting up out of the underground, and blew everyone away when they performed ‘Single Ladies’. Best surprise in Super-Bowl Half-Time Show history. The choreography was flawless and they showed that ‘Diva’ is really a ‘female version of a hustler’ if you know what I mean! Although Kelly and Michelle ere on stage with Beyond, Beyond was still everyone’s focus. No one can ever steal her spotlight! Singing Halo as her last song was an epic conclusion. She managed to belt the notes effortlessly, proving herself once again, to be the Queen of RAN. The show was the sexiest Super Bowl Half Time show since 2004 when Janet Jackson had a ‘Wardrobe malfunction†. Yikes! From beginning to end, the singer didn’t let motherhood get in the way of delivering an energetic performance that killed! And most importantly, she had now silenced her doubters. How to cite Diva Momma Gives A Fierce Performance, Papers

Drawing on Debates in Leisure and Sport Theory Essay Example For Students

Drawing on Debates in Leisure and Sport Theory Essay Football is one of the most powerful cultures in the world, politically, economically and socially. Globalization is the set of processes, whereby facilitated by enhanced global flows of such things as industry, investment, individuals and information (Omaha, 1990). The world is becoming evermore economically and politically more integrated according to Bliss gamma; Smith (2001). Berger gamma; Huntington (2002) also believe the world is becoming a lot more culturally additionally more homogeneity, or in Other words, borderless. Schools, (2001) even describes the world as a single place. Maguire, (1999) stated that there were three main characteristics Of Globalization; Economic referring to the goods and services of world products and the world market, Social and Cultural seen as the flow of cultural forms such as music and sport, the labor flow of workers around the world and the flow of ideas, ranging from political ideologies to sub-cultural norms, And Technological, which is the movement of equipment and media such as the internet. Post-Modernity can be translated to be beyond the now, post-modernity as been very hard to define as it embraces elements to philosophy, art and cultural mood, It is a reaction against modernism, Modernism is an approach to life that humans can progress through the use of science, technology and rationality (Oakley, 199830) Therefore, postmodernism can be described as a late 20th century style in the arts and criticism that represents a departure from modernism Post-modernity implies that technologies have collapsed national boundaries and that we are more worldwide citizens. Because of these boundaries being broken, some writers believe that individuality is more important and that there is a avider range of tastes and cultural pastimes. There are many opponents of post-modernism, which believe we still live in the same modern society. These people usually use the term postmodernism to describe a cultural reaction vitamin modern societies, e. G. A sense of disillusionment. Post Modernists on the other hand, argue that eve as a human race have entered a new era beyond modernity (Cochlea, 1999). Therefore, Post- modernism is a set of theories suggesting that society is undergoing a series Of radical changes Which modernism is coming to an end, being rejected by people or even changing to into a new order (Harris, 1999). Many writers give many different views to how the world is changing and Whether we are living in a post-modern world. Factual believed that society was categorized and divided practices existed. This means that spatial and social control of individuals leads to people being objectified and oppressed by those who do the objectifying (Markup and Pricing 2006). Factual, (1977) also suggests that the truth is relative and gained through a societal process called discourse meaning for example, the nature effeminate has been a social discourse as the IEEE of womens rights has massively changed around the world and shifted into creating a more equal elite for women. This is the Transformation idea that there is no single cause behind globalization of an idea but possibly many changes could contribute over time. This fundamentally differs from Giggler (1981) who suggests that there is a rejection of western culture and society and that, for example Islamic countries are not compatible with western economic traditions. Another key writer on the subject of post Modernity is Baudelaire (1989), who believes we live in a media dominated world and that we as the population have meanings mediated for that and our lives gain meaning from consumption and we become products. Banana (1989) disagreed with the concept of modernity and believes that it has died, with a new reality being constructed. The neo- Marxist Feeders Jameson (1991) connect post-modernity to changes in organized capitalism. Jameson (1 991 :400) defines postmodernism as the cultural logic Of late capitalism and states that it is characterized by the communication of media and cultural content, from sport to art. Ideally, globalization is a function in which the Western cultural account (Oxford 995:2) is being globally diffused. Western cultural items, forms and expressions are being adopted, albeit at different speeds, more or less everywhere including throughout East Asia (Kim, 2000). The growing popularity of football in East Asia matches what is occurring in other continents around the world, providing an instructive example of how Western cultural account is being presented and acquired by a significant non-western-cultural other. Football provides a case study, which demonstrates that East Asia is actively engaging With dialogue With the West rather than simply accepting or rejecting the Western culture. In a way, East Asia is firstly scrutinizing the football as a commodity, coming from the west, then selectively blending into western culture and then projecting back the results, (Magnetometer Horned, 2004) This shows that the East is proactively contributing to the shift towards a Hyperboloids world with modern football: One, which in the fullest sense is a single place (Robertson, 1992). On the other hand though, a Skeptical perspective may be important to think about as what is emerging from East Asia may not be modern football with a single western ultra, but instead football, Vichy delivers a diverse amount of variations towards football. This can be described as Heterogeneity, which means the coming together but in a different image (Blab, 1977). Such an outcome may or may not be conductive to greater global order and stability, dependent as this not (at least just) on cultural homogeneity, but also on the underlying, more fundamental material or structural factors, rooted in the global political economy. Crispin, 2004) In East Asia, along with other places in the world, the Western culture is interacting with local cultures in a process of mediation and modification. (apart from places rejecting it outright). The results are global and local, and the results are experienced at a both lower and higher ego-political level. The spread of football across Asia and th e way the game has not only adopted but also adapted throughout the region, and the consequences for football as the world game provides a case for highlighting the general and more inclusive features of globalization. In 2002, Japan and South Korea hosted the World Cup. This competition presents and unprecedented opportunity to observe the mechanics f one of the most powerful forces in the modern world (Globalization) through the prism of one of the most powerful cultural manifestations Football. An examination of world football clarifies how the cultural, political and economic dimensions of Globalization and of social life on the global, nation-state and local planes are intimately intertwined and inter-dependent, even though global capitalism, for instance, may be the main motor driving the rest. A Theory of Justice, by John Rawls EssayThe centralization of modern football around the world illustrates the capitalist dream as owners of football clubs and of football organizations seek different opportunities to penetrate new areas of global society which profits can be generated. This can be shown With Papas decision to give Qatar the World Cup in 2024 as the middle east is a an area of the world which hasnt yet been conquered by modern day football. Boyhood, 2012). Marxist argued that the workers should revolt against the hegemony of the bosses and ultimately end capitalism and returns the power to the people. This can be used in football terms as the fans and players should rebel against club owners and governing bodies officials in order to give football back to the people. This type of Marxist protest has been seen, albeit rarely in modern football in the creation of FCC Limited of Manchester set up by former Manchester United season ticket holders after they opposed the current owner Malcolm Glazers acquisition of the club. Even this action could be seen as globalize as it this has happened all around the world with teams such as Yashmak F-. C and Seoul United. (McCarthy, 2011) As the global media bringing events from all parts of the world into peoples living room, the nature of sports fantod has certainly evolved, Thirty years ago it would have been unthinkable of a teenager from Leeds supporting a major Italian team far less an American sports franchise. With the hyperinflation of modern football has come consumerist culture, which has permitted new fans to choose their teams in the same way that they would select a car or even an tem from the supermarket shelf. Most traditional supporters however are in a position where choice is virtually made for them on the basis of locality and family influence. (Brainier, 2001). Nowadays, though there are undoubtedly soccer clubs (Liverpool, Manchester United gamma, Man City), Which now draw crowds from all throughout the world. Overtone fans are known for saying to their Impressive counterparts Stop Global Warning Ban Liverpool fans flying to home games in a way to say most of Liverpool fans dont come from Impressive and the Globalization Of Liverpool CE has led to many oversea supporters owing to games instead of Libertarians and therefore losing some tradition by doing so. (Masonic, 2007). Manchester City ; Arsenal both now have stadiums named after Arab companies (Edited ; Emirates) both of which have been seen as a disappointment to fans as it lacks the old traditional style of how the club is now perceived. A postmodernist view on this would be, that the Globalization of media sport and modern day capitalist run football has eradicated the notions of old traditions and community. It is clear that modern day football works with a capitalist and postmodern ideology. This can be shown by how teams acquire players within a free market ? a key feature of capitalism and post modernity. European football is comparable to the unconstrained capitalism of the 19th century, where enormous market power and wealth could be accumulated by a few wealthy individuals and everyone else was left to fend tort themselves. Hodgkin, 2012) In December 1995, The European Court of Justice liberalized the international movement of professional footballers among the EX. and member countries. This meant that players had the right to free movement after their contract had run out. This Bosoms Ruling abolished national quotas in football and would help prevent leading clubs from monopolizing the most talented players (Monochrome, 2002). This overall led to the transfer of foreign players moving from country to country skyrocketing. A consequence Of the liberalized international labor migration is an internationalization of each domestic talent labor market. For example, in 2000-01, out of 342 transfers in French football, 198 reflected international migration (Gerard, 2004) Nowadays in Europe most major football clubs have more foreign than domestic players shown by Chelsea in 2000, who ad 34 registered players, 26 of whom were foreign and signed from foreign teams. (Bourn : Gouged, 2001). Increasingly players from poorer countries are migrating from their home countries to European leagues. Although there are many benefits for players from developing countries to move abroad to big striving European countries, Andre (2004) states that many of the transfers sometimes happen illegally through dubious practice by players agents and that these players, if they dont make it are just released by clubs, Former footballer Raymond Kop, angry about regulations governing professional football entrants declared, Players are professional footballer is the only man who can be bought and sold without consent. Although comparing athletes who make millions of pounds a year is absurd, but within the labor market, players dont have much choice in veers they go unless their contract has run out, (Dubious, 2010), Modern football has very strong links with the capitalist ideology With football being such a profitable business, footballs governing bodies are keen to expand the popularity Of football around the world and create supply for a demand, which can be seen as very profitable. With the increased popularity of the English Premier League, mainly due to the fact that it is broadcasted around the world means everyone from every continent can watch it and therefore be part of the influx Of products and services it provides. While FIFE tries to break new barriers and bring the World Cup to new continents such as Africa, Asia and the Middle East its showing a keenness to expand modern footballs popularity. Along with the relentless expansion of the global cultural media industries and technological advances, it is becoming easier for supporters and fans to gain access to the port, overall breaking the boundaries and frontiers which nation states are divided to create a football world of its own, in which modern footballs governing bodies are trying to take advantage of. Therefore overall along with the increased impact to centralization and globalization within modern football, its clear that modern football has already created a hyperbola society showing that in the football world is a post modern one.

A Business Plan for Bee Keeping free essay sample

Alison J Smith Small Business Project I’ve never really put much though into the idea of owning my own small business. Although I have tremendous respect for the entrepreneurs that take that risk. Everyday at my job I work with small business owners and my mother even owns a small professional dog grooming business. They work very hard to keep their businesses afloat in tough economic times like these. Owning your own business might be rewarding but it is by no means easy especially when you are just starting out. That is why I will hopefully run my own small business but perhaps only when I retire or if I leave the workplace to have children later in life. My business has a low profit margin, and it would be extremely difficult to survive solely off my businesses income. The business I would like to own someday would be to own an apiary (keeping honeybees). We will write a custom essay sample on A Business Plan for Bee Keeping or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are three classifications of Bee keepers; hobbyists, sideliners, and commercial keepers. Hobbyists usually only own a few hives and are not usually profitable because of the large initial cost of buying the bees, and buying/building the equipment. Sideliners usually own enough hives that they are able to make a profit, and commercial keepers own several hundred or thousand hives. Only about 5% of beekeepers are commercial keepers but they product about 60% of the worlds honey. Someday, hopefully next year, I am going to start keeping bees at a small hobbyist level, but ideally I would become a sideliner someday and own over 100 colonies. I’m still thinking of a name for my business. Compared to many small businesses, bee keeping is relatively low operating costs. Startup costs are the most expensive part of bee keeping and that is what keeps many hobbyists from becoming profitable. Generally for the bee keeping beginner you can but very basic hives, supers, smokers, and suits for under $200. Many beekeepers make or buy used hives to save money. The bees themselves will run about $100 for 3lbs of bees including one queen. Medicines, additional food, additional smoker fuel will all cost extra, however even if you buy top of the line new hive and additional bees startup costs will be under $500. Honey is generally low profit but the price can vary greatly depending on the type of honey, and the geographical location. Organic honey in Europe sells for about three times more in the US because the demand is so high. In New England, raw summer wildflower (dark) honey can sell for about $8 a pound, and raw spring blossom (light) can sell for about $9 a pound. Flavored honey (based upon what flowers the bees are collecting from) like orange blossom, gallberry, blackberry, blueberry, buckwheat, and tupelo can cost upwards of $9 a pound. And crystalized or creamed honey which is raw, unfiltered can run upwards of $15 a pound. Royal jelly, beeswax, and bee derived products like wax candles, skin creams, lip balms, soap can be produced cheaply. Mead (honey wine) can be fermented and sold in some states for between $10 and $100 a bottle. In this area of the country, each hive can make between 150 to 200 pounds of honey depending on the number of bees and the length of the season. If you harvest too much honey from the bees and there is a long winter you could lose your whole investment. Break of profit (Gross) Honey produced (lbs): 100 Sale price (per lb): x8. 50 Gross Sales one season: $850. 00 After including the prices for packaging, farmer’s market booth fees, insurance, and equipment the net profit can be very low if not a profit loss. Most bee keepers run small ‘doing business as’ operations, and do not carry insurance because they feel safe in only selling to friends and family. However, if you sell your honey at farmer’s markets or at a farm stand insurance is a good idea. Policies vary greatly by state. Many private bee keepers are protected by their homeowners insurance against damage to their hive, but if you are selling honey you are not protected against lawsuits for tainted honey, allergic reactions, etc. Many insurance companies offer ‘incidental farming liability coverage’ which can range from lower than $100 a year up to $500 a year. Because honey producing bees do not swarm and are generally docile (unless you attack the queen) lawsuits over stings are not as prominent as you would think and almost never successful. Keeping the ive on private homeowner’s insured property and putting up a sign is enough protection for many small time keepers. Farming can be the smallest of all small businesses. But it is possible to become profitable. You have to know how to make money and how to protect yourself from liability. You must also be willing to but in a lot of time and capital into starting up a small business. I believe that my small business could be profita ble on a small scale because I have the tools needed to operate both a hive and a small business.

The Rise Of Communism In Russia Essays - Old Bolsheviks, Free Essays

The Rise Of Communism In Russia Essays - Old Bolsheviks, Free Essays The Rise of Communism In Russia "Unless we accept the claim that Lenin's coup d'etat gave birth to an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history of mankind, we must recognize in today's Soviet Union the old empire of the Russians the only empire that survived into the mid 1980's" (Luttwak, 1). In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism in which all class differences would disappear and humankind would live in harmony. Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered a scientific approach to socialism based on the laws of history. They declared that the course of history was determined by the clash of opposing forces rooted in the economic system and the ownership of property. Just as the feudal system had given way to capitalism, so in time capitalism would give way to socialism. The class struggle of the future would be between the bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and the proletariat, who were the workers. The struggle would end, according to Marx, in the socialist revolution and the attainment of full communism (Groiler's Encyclopedia). Socialism, of which "Marxism-Leninism" is a takeoff, originated in the West. Designed in France and Germany, it was brought into Russia in the middle of the nineteenth century and promptly attracted support among the country's educated, public-minded elite, who at that time were called intelligentsia (Pipes, 21). After Revolution broke out over Europe in 1848 the modern working class appeared on the scene as a major historical force. However, Russia remained out of the changes that Europe was experiencing. As a socialist movement and inclination, the Russian Social-Democratic Party continued the traditions of all the Russian Revolutions of the past, with the goal of conquering political freedom (Daniels 7). As early as 1894, when he was twenty-four, Lenin had become a revolutionary agitator and a convinced Marxist. He exhibited his new faith and his polemical talents in a diatribe of that year against the peasant-oriented socialism of the Populists led by N.K. Mikhiaiovsky (Wren, 3). While Marxism had been winning adherents among the Russian revolutionary intelligentsia for more than a decade previously, a claimed Marxist party was bit organized until 1898. In that year a "congress" of nine men met at Minsk to proclaim the establishment of the Russian Social Democratic Worker's Party. The Manifesto issued in the name of the congress after the police broke it up was drawn up by the economist Peter Struve, a member of the moderate "legal Marxist" group who soon afterward left the Marxist movement altogether. The manifesto is indicative of the way Marxism was applied to Russian conditions, and of the special role for the proletariat (Pipes, 11). The first true congress of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party was the Second. It convened in Brussels in the summer of 1903, but was forced by the interference of the Belgian authorities to move to London, where the proceedings were concluded. The Second Congress was the occasion for bitter wrangling among the representatives of various Russian Marxist Factions, and ended in a deep split that was mainly caused by Lenin his personality, his drive for power in the movement, and his "hard" philosophy of the disciplined party organization. At the close of the congress Lenin commanded a temporary majority for his faction and seized upon the label "Bolshevik" (Russian for Majority), while his opponents who inclined to the "soft" or more democratic position became known as the "Mensheviks" or minority (Daniels, 19). Though born only in 1879, Trotsky had gained a leading place among the Russian Social-Democrats by the time of the Second party Congress in 1903. He represented ultra-radical sentiment that could not reconcile itself to Lenin's stress on the party organization. Trotsky stayed with the Menshevik faction until he joined Lenin in 1917. From that point on, he acomidated himself in large measure to Lenin's philosophy of party dictatorship, but his reservations came to the surface again in the years after his fall from power (Stoessinger, 13). In the months after the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Party Lenin lost his majority and began organizing a rebellious group

Examining Local Solutions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Examining Local Solutions - Research Paper Example In regard to Toronto city, these sites are considered to be the contaminated sites, which appear to be so because of previous land-use activities, which among other things involves, waste disposal and manufacturing (Adkin 65). This problem has been extensive in Toronto due to gradual, but steady increase of industries in the urban center. Due to this fact, there have been efforts to transfer industries in the outcasts of the city. As a result, there have been vacant industry sites, which poses a great threat to environmental and health hazards to city dwellers. In light with these deliberations, it is apparent that the effort to develop the brown fields in Toronto is for the good course of solving some underlying problems associated wit h these sites. Some of these sites risks safety of people living around these areas. For example, it is obvious that some of these sites contain empty or uncovered construction grounds, which poses a risk of people being hurt as they pass by these sit es. The most at risk are children who are fond of playing in such grounds. Due to constructions that took place before the sites have been vacated, it is apparent that such constructions interferes with landscapes. This may cause soil erosion, and which consequently may lead to formation of gullies and eventually land slides (Todd 28). Abandoned sites also pose a threat of health hazards to people leaving in the neighborhood. For example, these sites may contain bushy grounds, which can attract hiding sites for mosquitoes. The sites may also contain grounds that act as mosquito breeding grounds. Mosquitoes cause malaria, which a fatal disease. It is also argued that people tend to stigmatize such sites. They consider them unpleasant for human beings, thus stigmatizing them. However, if these sites can effectively be developed, they can benefit both the government and people living around these areas. For example, if there could be measures to rehabilitate or develop these sites, the government can earn some revenue from them (Tomalty Para 6). Some of the ways through which government can develop these sites is through constructing social amenities, which can help improve the lives of the city dwellers. The government can also set up various government offices which can be used to facilitate government operation within the city. This would reduce congestion of some offices in the city, this enhancement of service delivery to the citizens. The private sector can also be allowed to develop these sites. This can allow the government to collect taxes from such developments, thus earning some revenue (Melissa and Erica Para 3). Additionally or alternatively, these sites can be put under greening programs. This involves planting of trees and other vegetation which help preserve the environment. Since the city is filled with much of carbon emissions mostly emanating from automobile, making such sites go green would help solve the problem of carbon emission. Vegetation helps absolve carbon dioxide and in return produces oxygen, which is healthy for human beings. Rationale for possible solutions The issue of brown fields affects people in the surrounding and the whole society in one way or another. Therefore, it is apparent that civil society involvement would be the best option in the effort to develop and solve problems associated with these sites (Heynen, Kaika and Swyngedouw 53). This is arguably true because when these

Book analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Book analysis - Essay Example Those individuals who have a compulsion to erase most painful memories from recall are the most vulnerable to become MPD. Those individuals who have been subject to abuse or trauma as a child have a strong incentive to discard remnants of those experiences. The trouble is that memory is a physiological-neurological construct as opposed to being purely a facet of the mind. Moreover, even this tendency toward partial amnesia is promoted by a ‘self’ that is in itself conditioned by early traumatic experience. Hence the subject is twice challenged to relieve himself/herself from the conflicted mental makeup. The outcome of this churning is the compromised solution of a MPD, whereby, the subject swings between the original composite personality and the forced-aspiring personality. The former is the personality as it is, whereas the latter is the personality desired. The interesting thing about memory is how it is tagged with verbal identifiers. These identifiers are culturally determined and are usually dependent upon the prevalent ideas, norms and fashions attached to the particular cultural milieu. In this context, memory is an extension of the language faculty in humans. Usually, it is the most emotive experience which is also the most memorable. Emotions arise out of subjective feelings. They are also fleeting and replicable in various similar situations. Hence our psyches crave for a method in which the valued experience is concretized. Words and set-phrases that were earlier acquired from the cultural environment are perused for this purpose. Hence, to answer a famous literary poser, calling a Rose by any other name, changes everything about the object and its associations. As Hacking observes in the book, the process of acquisition of memory and even the development of intelligence has a strong basis in semantics. Yet, the obvious danger is that the semantics might ‘justify’ apparently

Sales and Marketing on Airline Industry Assignment

Sales and Marketing on Airline Industry - Assignment Example rformance is highly dependent on the economies of foreign countries and their related macroeconomic factors, which may trigger a sudden rise and fall of demand. Opportunities Acquisition of new aircrafts in the fleet will lead to an increase in the operational capabilities of the airline and in terms of the number of routes covered. Acquisition of new aircrafts will also lead to an increase in the frequency of operations of the flight on the multiple routes, that are currently serviced by the airline It is assumed that with the increase in frequency of flights, passengers will be able to opt for variable timings due to the increase in number of flights for a particular route. Threats Qatar Airways has been impacted due to the uprising of the Arab Spring and hike in fuel prices. Continued civil disruptions in the Middle East countries coupled with the hike in fuel prices will collaborate to form a dynamic macroeconomic threat factor for the airline and can hamper the airline’s performance and operational efficiencies in its multiple routes in the short as well as in the long term. The global economic slowdown has impacted Qatar airways and it has decided to postpone the IPO offer for the reputed airlines (Arab News, 2012). This will, to some extent hamper the sentiments in the global market and may hamper the reputation of the company for a short term period. The slowdown in the economies of the developed countries of the western world may hamper the profit performance and revenue generation for the state based airline in the years to come. Competition can also rise in the international arena where prominent players like Lufthansa Airlines, British Airways, Emirates and Southwest Airlines are existent strongly in their regional areas PESTLE Analysis Political The...The global economy is going through a phase of slowdown since the middle of 2011, thanks to the fears arising out of the Euro Zone crisis. As an impact of this slowdown, there has been a signif icant decline in the amount of profits generated for the current year. Also, there has been a significant amount of slowdown in the amount of air freight movements that has happened over the period of last one year. Also, the civil disturbances happening in connection with the Arab Spring Uprising in the Middle East region is impacting the business of the airways in a negative manner. Social The business of Qatar airways may continue to face a grave danger in the coming days if the continued civil unrest due to the emergence of Arab Spring uprising is not mitigated. Though most of the flights are outward and covers routes for six continents across the globe, but still the social image of the country and the Middle East region is embedded with it. Also, as an upshot of the civil uprising, more severe macroeconomic factors like the hike of oil prices is affecting the business of airline industry. Though Qatar airways has a governmental backing and has a stronghold in the market, but still it is going be affected in the long run. Also, due to the continued civil unrest in the Middle East region, morale of the employees working as on board staff of the airways can be severely hit as their families may come in the path of danger and harm caused by the civil uprising.

Independent Practice Issues And Independent Midwifery Nursing Essay

Independent Practice Issues And Independent Midwifery Nursing Essay The founder of modern nursing has rightly quoted that nursing is the care which puts the person in the best possible condition for nature to either restore or preserve health or to prevent or cure injury. Nursing has its own entity and ethics which makes it a profession. In response to the rising health needs, the need for independent nursing is the demand of the hour. This concept is readily formulated and implemented in developed countries. This has helped in meeting the consumers demand for health benefits. During the twentieth century, the nursing profession has undergone immense change. Nursing has progressed from an occupation to a fully licensed profession, with members that provide a broad range of services independently, and in a variety of professional relationships with other providers. This evolution has changed how nurses are educated, clinically prepared, and how they perceive their role. Starting with turn-of-the-century debates concerning the appropriateness of professional nursing practice, registered nurses began assessing not only their licensure status, but their roles related to other professionals. In the early years of the nursing profession, it was generally believed that nurses served and cared for their patients by assisting physicians. However, the perception of nursing often varied dramatically from its practiceThe role of the public health nurse, as it developed earlier in this century, was often independent, with nurses working with families of patients with tuberculosis or other highly contagious diseases and providing a broad range of interventions, both health- and socially-focused. Definition of independent nurse practitioner Wikipedia Definition, An independent Nurse Practitioner(INP) is a registered nurse who has completed specific advanced nursing education (generally a masters degree) and training in the diagnosis and management of common as well as complex medical conditions to provide a broad range of health care services. American Academy of Nurse Practitioners: An Independent Nurse Practitioner is referred as advanced practice nurse has a masters degree in nursing in the specialized area of her/his interest and licensed to practice in her/his state. The International Council of Nurses defines INP: A registered nurse who has acquired the expert knowledge base, complex decision-making skills and clinical competencies for expanded practice. PHILOSOPHY OF INP The core philosophy of INP is to provide individuals care to patients of all ages. Its care focuses on patients conditions as well as the effects of illness on the lives of the patients and their families. INPs make prevention, wellness and patient education priorities. This means fewer prescriptions and less expensive treatment. Informing patients of their health care and encouraging them to participate in decisions central to the care In addition to care, INPs conduct research and are often active in patient advocacy activities. Standards required for practice of midwifery Midwifery care is provided by qualified practitioner, who is registered Midwifery care occurs in a safe environment with in context of family, community and system of health care. Midwifery care supports individual rights and self determination with in boundaries of safety. Midwifery care comprises of knowledge, skills and judgment that foster the delivery of safe, satisfying and culturally competent care. Midwifery care based up to knowledge, skills and judgment which are reflected in written practice guidelines. Midwifery care is documented in format that assessable and component. Midwifery care is evaluated acc. to an established prog. For quality management that include a plan to identify and resolves problem. Midwifery practices may be extended beyond the set competences to incorporate new procedures, that improves care for women and their family. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INP Nurse practitioners have provided a healthy partnership with their patients for more than 40 years. INP role originated as one strategy to increase access to primary care. The following are brief historical background of INP. The nurse practitioner role had its inception in the mid-1960s in response to a shortage of physicians. The first NP Program was developed as a masters degree curriculum at the University of Colorados School of Nursing in 1965, founded by Loretta C. Ford, a nursing faculty member and Dr. Henry K. Silver, a pediatrician. Programs were developed across the country to provide additional education for experienced nurses to enable them to provide primary health care services to large underserved populations. The first programs were in pediatrics and they soon spread to many other health care specialties. During 1970-1971 Federal Legislation recommended Certificate Programme for nurses to deliver primary health care. Gradually certificate programme shifted to masters degree In response to health care reform in 1990s 3 INPs programmes were developed to meet the demand of primary care services. By 1994, 248 programme centres were developed for INP in US. In 1995, 49000 nurses were employed as INPs. American Academy of Nurse Practitioner in 1993 developed standard and guidelines for practice of INPs which are still followed. Today 200 universities and colleges are offering INP programme all over the world. 70,000 nurses are working as INP in US. Development of Independent nurse practitioner (Independent Nurse Midwifery Practitioner) development in India The Indian Nursing Council (INC), the parent body of the nursing councils in the country, has rolled out an initiative, which is in the early implementation stage, and has been forwarded for approval to the Union Health ministry. Independent nurse practitioners trained in midwifery has been introduced to bring down the high Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in rural areas. The National Population policy 2000 includes reduction of maternal and infant mortality as one of the socio-demographic goals to be achieved by 2010. The single most important way to reduce maternal death in India would be to ensure that a skilledhealth professional is present at every birth. Skilled care during childbirth is important because millions of women and newborns develop serious and hard to predict complications during or immediately after delivery. Skilled health professions such as doctors or nurses who have midwifery skills can recognize these complications and either treat them or refer women to health centers or hospitals immediately if more skilled care is needed. So, in order to ease the impact of the shortage of gynaecologists in community health centres, INC performed a pilot study for the Independent Nurse Practitioner Project in West Bengal at SSKM Hospitals female medical and surgical wards. The project provides an 18 months training in midwifery, besides an additional training in emergency obstetric care to candidates who have completed their BSc in nursing and have two to three years of clinical experience in ob-gyn wards to take care of ANMS in rural sector. These nurses are called independent nurse practitioners as they are trained to prescribe medicines following approved protocols and take decisions independently in absence of gynaecologists. 2 of the 4 trainees have been assigned to a CHC to manage obstetric cases. The results of the pilot study has been submitted to health ministry and the government of India is currently examining the proposal to extend this project all over India. INC is finalising a curriculum with senior obstetrics and gynaecologists for the training of independent nurse practitioner module. Explains T Dileep Kumar, president, INC, In rural areas, though a community health centre should be manned by physician, surgeon, paediatrician and gynaecologist, the community health centre is usually found facing a shortage of gynaecologists. Its in such a scenario, that the role of independent nurse practitioner gains importance, here, Auxiliary midwives are trained. Independent nurse practitioners should be regarded as a part of solution for improving quality, access and cost of care and continuing education. BASIC requirements of Independent nurse midwifery practitioner Becoming Independent nurse midwifery practitioner is one of the important challenges as it needs specialized qualification. The basic requirements are mentioned below: Basic nursing education Registered nurse Advance Nursing Certification (Master Degree in Obstetics and gynaecology nursing) Collaboration with any hospital/agencies for referral and reimbursement Areas of practice Independent nurse midwifery practitioners work in a variety of settings, including: Community Clinics and Health Centres Nurse managed centres private practices (either by themselves or together with a physician), hospitals, nursing homes, birthing centers. Womens Health Clinics Home health care agencies/Home Nursing Schools or colleges based health clinics They often provide care to underserved populations in rural areas or inner-city settings. What Independent nurse midwifery practitioner can do? Midwifery nurse practitioner is a registered professional nurse, with a current license to practice, who is prepared for advanced nursing practice by virtue of knowledge and skills obtained through a post-basic or advanced education program of study acceptable to the State Board of Nurse Examiners. She is prepared to practice in an expanded role to provide primary care to women, to well-woman related to reproductive health, conduct annual gynecological exams, provide education regarding family planning, and provide menopausal care. She provides care in a variety of settings including, but not limited to homes, hospitals, institutions, community agencies, public and private clinics, and private practice. She acts independently and/or in collaboration with other health care professionals to deliver health care services. She conducts comprehensive health assessments aimed at health promotion and disease prevention. She is capable of solo practice with clinically competent skills and are legally approved to provide a defined set of services without assistance or supervision of another professional. Midwifery practitioners are specialists in low-risk pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum. They generally strive to help women to have a healthy pregnancy and natural birth experience. They are trained to recognize and deal with deviations from the normal. Midwifery nurse practitioners are uniquely qualified to resolve unmet needs in primary health care by serving as an individuals point of first contact with the health care system. This contact provides a personalized, client-oriented, comprehensive continuum of care and integrates all other aspects of health care over a period of time. Their focus of care is on health surveillance (promotion and maintenance of wellness), but it also provides for management of complications in order to maintain continuity. Midwifery practitioners refer women to general practitioners or obstetricians when a pregnant woman requires care beyond the their area of expertise. They are trained to handle certain more difficult deliveries, including breech births, twin births and births where the baby is in a posterior position, using non-invasive techniques. Nurse-midwives work together with OB/GYN doctors. They either consult with or refer to other health care providers in cases that are outside of their experience (for example, high-risk pregnancies and pregnant women who also have a chronic disease). Many studies over the past 20 30 years have shown that nurse-midwives can manage most perinatal (including prenatal, delivery, and postpartum) care, and most of the family planning and gynecological needs of women of all ages. Nurse-midwifery practitioners have improved primary health care services for women in rural and inner-city areas. SCENARIO OF MIDWIFERY IN USA INDEPENDENT MIDWIFERY PRACTICE It is the position of the American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM) that midwifery practice is the independent management of womens health care, focusing particularly on common primary care issues, family planning and gynecologic needs of women, pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period and care of the newborn. The practice occurs within a health care system that provides for consultation, collaborative management or referral as indicated by the health status of the client. Independent midwifery enables certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) and certified midwives (CMs) to utilize knowledge, skills, judgment, and authority in the provision of primary womens health services while maintaining accountability for the management of patient care in accordance with ACNM Standards for the Practice of Midwifery. Independent practice is not defined by the place of employment, the employee-employer relationship, requirements for physician co-signature, or the method of reimbursement for services. Nor should independent be interpreted to mean alone, as there are clinical situations when any prudent practitioner would seek the assistance of another qualified practitioner. Collaboration is the process whereby health care professionals jointly manage care. The goal of collaboration is to share authority while providing quality care within each individuals professional scope of practice. Successful collaboration is a way of thinking and relating that requires knowledge, open communication, mutual respect, a commitment to providing quality care, trust and the ability to share responsibility. SCENARIO OF MIDWIFERY IN UNITED KINGDOM Independent Midwives UK represent the majority of independent midwives in the UK. The organisation is committed to improving maternity provision for all women in the UK and is working with other support, service and professional groups, including the Government, to achieve that objective. Independent Midwives UK also provides professional advice and mutual support for independent midwives. The former Independent Midwives Assosiation has recently become Independent Midwives UK, an Industrial and Provident Society. The new organisation is a Social Enterprise and with Government support, Independent Midwives UK is working towards making Independent Midwifery available to all women who are entitled to NHS maternity care. Independent Midwife Independent Midwives are fully qualified midwives who have chosen to work outside the NHS in a self employed capacity. Independent midwives fully support the principals of the NHS and are currently working to ensure that all women can access gold standard of care in the future ( LINK). The role of the midwife encompasses the care of women and babies during pregnancy, birth and the early weeks of motherhood. Qualification and regulation of midwives Midwifery is the most securely regulated profession in the UK. All practising midwives must adhere to the Midwives Rules which are enshrined in the 1902 Midwives Act of Parliament and subsequent amendments. All independent midwives have undertaken full midwifery training and are subject to annual supervisory visits and equipment checks. In line with the requirements of our regulatory body, the Nursing and Midwifery Council, we are required to ensure that our clinical practice is up to date and that our actions are within our sphere of competence. Role in emergency conditions There are very few genuine emergencies during childbirth; this is why research has shown that for most women homebirth is at least as safe if not safer than hospital birth. As the experts in childbirth, midwives are trained to recognise any early warning signs that things may not be progressing normally and to take appropriate action. If the unexpected should happen, all midwives are trained in emergency resuscitation of both mothers and babies Independent Midwives carry all the necessary emergency drugs and equipment and these are checked on a yearly basis by a supervisor of midwives. Emergency equipments Independent Midwives carry all the necessary emergency equipment to ensure that if a baby is born needing resuscitation, this can be performed. For example: oxygen, suction, bag and mask. All midwives are trained in emergency resuscitation. Independent Midwives also carry emergency drugs in case a woman is bleeding heavily. They update ourselves on a yearly basis in emergency neonatal resuscitation and many of us have attended emergency skills workshops tailored for independent midwives attending homebirths. It is a requirement that our equipment is checked on a yearly basis by a supervisor of midwives. As Independent Midwives, often working alone and mainly facilitating homebirth, we are very conscious that we need to be completely up to date with all the necessary skills should an emergency occur. Charges for services As Independent Midwives are all self-employed they are all able to choose what they charge. Independent Midwives have to cover all their own costs such as training, equipment and travel. Rates may vary in different areas of the UK; currently a complete package of care will cost you between  £2000 and  £4500 (approx). Most Iindependent Midwives will want to receive payment in full by the time you are 36 weeks pregnant but if you have genuine difficulties in paying please discuss it with your Independent Midwife as most can offer flexible payment plans. Credentials to become a midwife Becoming an independent midwife can seem a daunting challenge but many midwives have taken the leap and few regret doing so. Once a midwife has completed an approved programme of education and is registered with the Nursing and Midwifery Council, (NMC) she/he may practice where ever she/he chooses to in accordance with NMC rules. In the UK that could be in the NHS, the private sector, with an agency  or as an independent self employed midwife. If a midwife chooses to be self employed she is regulated by the NMC midwives rules and standards, and must adhere to the same statutory obligations as an employed midwife. SCENARIO OF MIDWIFERY IN AUSTRALIA Midwives in Private Practice (MIPP) For centuries midwives have worked among their communities providing care to women. Historically midwives have held a philosophy of care based on the belief that pregnancy is, basically, a healthy process and a normal part of life, growth and development. It is this belief that guides the way in which midwives in private practice work. Midwives choosing to work privately, rather than being employed by hospitals and other institutions, do so because it allows them to be flexible about the care they provide. That is, the care offered will be in partnership, directed primarily by the wishes of the women and their families. The private practitioner midwife is able to provide continuity of care to the families who have chosen to use her services. During the pregnancy, the woman and her family develop a friendly supportive relationship with their midwife (in some cases eg homebirth, the care is shared by two midwives). On the day the baby is born the midwife remains with the woman throughout the entire labour. There are no shift changes that require the midwife to leave. During the first week of the babys life the same midwife visits each day until the baby has settled into a feeding pattern and the parents feel confident in caring for their new baby. Some midwives in private practice choose to work in specific areas. For example, some may offer postnatal care, or advice with difficult breastfeeding problems (Lactation Consultants) or Maternal and Child Health (MCHN). In addition, some midwives are skilled and have qualifications in complementary areas such as acupuncture, counselling, naturopathy, chiropractic, massage or homeopathy. The range of services provided: Pre-pregnancy advice Advice about birth options Childbirth education classes Sibling preparation classes Continuous midwifery care during pregnancy Preparation for and attendance at births in an appropriate environment of the parents choice Postnatal care following birth at home, birth centre or hospital Separate postnatal care for women who want private midwifery care for this period only or who are discharged home early from hospital Lactation consultancy Acupuncture and Chiropractic Referral to and advice about other health professionals such as medical and natural health practitioners, eg obstetricians, paediatricians, GPs, chiropractors, osteopaths, naturopaths, homeopaths Some midwives have a special interest and expertise in supporting women in special areas such as vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC), breech births, water births and postnatal depression. SCENARIO OF MIDWIFERY IN INDIA Prof. Uma Handa (ex Consultant Midwife, UNICEF) has a BS and an MSc in Nursing with specialization in obstetrics and gynecology. She has worked in the field of nursing since 1974, in nursing educational institutions in both the conventional and distance system, as well as in national and international health agencies. Countries in which she has worked include Sri Lanka, UK, Bangladesh and South Africa (University of Namibia-UNAM). She has received many special awards throughout her career. Umas present goal is to promote independent midwifery practice in India to encourage mothers to go through natural childbirth and so that unnecessary medical and surgical interventions can be prevented. Organizations she is member of: Nursing Research Society of India (Founder), Trained Nurses Association of India (TNAI), White Ribbon Alliance India (WRAI), Society of Midwives, and Executive Committee member Birth India. Issues in independent nurse practice Nursing has been thought to be a part of the medical team where all professionals provide input to build the best care of the patient but now times have changed nurses have developed themselves as independent professionals with a unique body of knowledge. The nurses could not document that they hold a patients medications based on nursing judgment. Such an instance might be when a patient had hypotension from pain medication and thus the morning anti-hypertensive is held. Instead, they need an order from a physician to hold such medication. Further, something like Tylenol on a patients medication record ordered for fever could not be administered by the nurse for a headache if the patient requested it because that would be practicing medicine without a license.   A nurse cannot order a social services consult, flush a urinary catheter should it become clogged, refer a patient for diabetes education, etc., etc., without an order from the supervising physician. Although they were trained to recognize these things, they carried an independent license, sat for an examination to obtain that license, and had years of education. Perhaps nurses really could not do any of these things without a supervising physician to tell them? Physicians, are critical components of the health care team there is no doubt, but why send a nurse to school and give him/her an independent license, scope of practice, and make them answerable to a board of nursing but then limit their usefulness. In the early years of the nursing profession, it was generally believed that nurses served and cared for their patients by assisting physicians. However, the perception of nursing often varied dramatically from its practice. During wars and times of crises, nurses worked with and beside physicians conducting surgical procedures, diagnosing care, and prescribing treatments and drugs. The role of the public health nurse, as it developed earlier in this century, was often independent, with nurses working with families of patients with tuberculosis or other highly contagious diseases and providing a broad range of interventions, both health- and socially-focused. During the twentieth century, the nursing profession has undergone immense change. Nurses have developed themselves as independent professionals with a unique body of knowledge. Nursing has progressed from an occupation to a fully licensed profession, with members that provide a broad range of services independently, and in a variety of professional relationships with other providers. This evolution has changed how nurses are educated, clinically prepared, and how they perceive their role. But, there are certain issues in independent practice: Curriculum for independent nurse practitioner development: Early nurse practitioner training involved nondegree, certificate programs of one year or less. Today the nursing community strongly supports masters degree preparation for entry-level practice. Although the level of education is higher, the focus has remained the same: Nurse practitioner programs emphasize primary care, preventive medicine and patient education. However, physicians offer a different service to patients. With five years of medical education and three years of residency training, their depth of understanding of complex medical problems cannot be equaled by lesser-trained professionals. Prescriptive authority. Nurse practitioners have the authority to prescribe and can write prescriptions (including ones for controlled substances) without any physician involvement. However, some believe that there should be collaborative prescribing agreement between nurse practitioners and physicians. Public view of nursing: Many articles in nursing as early as 1928, speak to the concerns about nurses. Nice girls, dont do nursing!. If you have a strong back and weak mind, be a nurse The publics images of nurses has not essentially changed since nursings inception. In public opinion, nurses are identified as a means for decreasing the cost of health care. She is considered as a highly trained professional who is providing an alternative to the expensive primary care physician. They wonder that can she do anything that a primary care physician can do. They are reluctant to recognize nurse practitioners as primary care providers. Areas of practice: Nonphysician providers have historically thrived in settings where physicians were unavailable places they were unable or unwilling to go, It remains to be seen if independent nurse practitioners will be economically viable in areas of physician oversupply. Quality of care: Many studies show that patients have a high or very high level of satisfaction with NP Services. Regarding measurement of diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes, several studies indicate that the quality of care provided by NPs is equal to that of physicians. Cost effective care: Nurse practitioners provide a cost effective care. One study compared the costs of care for two primary care problems and found that the cost of care given by NPs was 20% less than the cost of care given by physicians. At the same time, some argue that, without ready access to supervising physicians, nurse practitioners are likely to order more tests and consultations and be quicker to admit patients to the hospital, thereby driving up health care costs. Insufficient evidence-based practice and nursing research There is a need of promotion of evidence-based practice and nursing research so that with a sound knowledge base, the nurses will be able to function more independently. Establishment of policies on the use of evidence in practice is required. Nurses with a Masters degree should be encouraged to provide evidence, read nursing research and use evidence to improve or change nursing practices. An academic atmosphere should be created in the workplace. An information system and library should be provided. Multidisciplinary research should be encouraged. At the hospital, there should be a person who is responsible for nursing research activity including fund seeking for research and building of research network. Nurse educators should develop a short-course training on evidence-base and research or to supervise research activity. Resources such as journals and books can be shared. Joint research between nurse educators and clinical staff should be encouraged to strengthen the capacity of both groups and improve education and practice. The INC can be a part of nursing research development. The INC should set nursing research priorities in collaboration with nursing and non-nursing organizations to provide research funds and promote nursing activities for policy formulation. Establishment of a nursing research information system is encouraged to monitor research work, areas of research and researchers. Dissemination of nursing research and models for best practices should be established. Need for establishment of a continuing nursing education system Continuing education is an informal study or activity to gain knowledge and learn about new technology. Lifelong education is essential for self-development, knowledge-building and learning. Continuing education stimulates nurses to keep up with new knowledge and technology, to increase their skills and competency, and to be able to contribute to the health care team. The existing continuing nursing education programmes should be strengthened or new units established. The appointment of responsible persons for continuing education activity is needed. Continuing education programmes should get approval from the INC so that nurses can develop increased competency to work independently. Need to establish a quality assurance system for the nursing service A quality assurance system comprises vision, mission, objectives, strategic and operational plans, nursing service activity, nursing manpower management, roles and responsibilities, nursing standards, nursing indicators, nursing research, nursing administration and management, resource allocation and financial support. The objective of this system will be to ensure quality care and nursing outcomes as expected by clients (less suffering, shorter duration of hospital stay, and reduction of health care costs, infection, complications and mortality), and according to professional standards. It also indicates the commitment of the care provider towards providing the best care to consumers. Successful development and implementation of the system depends on the commitment of nursing leaders, hospital administrators, mutual goal-setting, participation of all personnel in the process, continuous quality improvement and good communication. The role of the INC in regulating nursing practice should be strengthened by amending the Nursing Act to include maintaining of registration of qualified nurses, renewal of licence, and setting up a nursing service and nursing education accrediting system. If possible, a hospital QA system should have nursing as an integral part and involves nurses in a surveyor team. Thus, this will help ensure the quality of services provided by independent practitioners Lack of involvement of nurses in health and nursing policy formulation and planning There is insufficient involvement of nurses in healt

atlas shrugged :: essays research papers

Book Review: ATLAS SHRUGGED by Ayn Rand   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taggart Transcontinental is not to be excluded on the effects of declining economic situations experienced by the whole country. Dagny Taggart, the vice president in-charge of operations, upon her visit to the Rio Norte Line to inspect the damages it maintains, goes straight to her brother’s office and reports that the line needs immediate attention and for that she has already ordered Rearden Metal to be used for that line. Jim denounced her decisions and actions not just because she does not have authority to make those orders but also Rearden Metal is not yet tried before by others. Dagny’s plan to rebuild this important line is held back when most of the corporation’s business contacts and suppliers as well as own personnels are suddenly leaving and mysteriously vanishing. Meanwhile, Dagny’s brother Jim uses his political influence to save his railroad and thus the Anti Dog-Eat-Dog Rule was approved to rid of competitions in railroa d, specifically Taggart’s competitors. Dagny’s plans of rebuilding were further hampered when the State Science Institute publicly deprecates Rearden Metal although this is the best type of metal ever formulated and invented. Focused to rebuild her line, Dagny decides to start her own company where she would take all the risks and responsibilities of using Rearden Metal, and once the line was built, she would then have to return the line to Taggart Transcontinental. Her decision was not a disappointment and proved to be a surprising success. Then, a new set of law called Directive 10-289 was passed and includes a decree that all patents or inventions are to be taken over by the government for public use. Dagny quits and retreats to an old family house in the mountains. She was followed there by Francisco where he now tells her everything he has been up to. However, upon hearing news about a new railroad accident, she rushes back to her office and takes over again. Then in pursuit of the scientist she has assigned to rebuild a motor that can transform static energy to kinetic energy that she and Hank have discovered, she crashes into an unknown location where all the missing great minds are living. They are on strike describing it a strike of the mind. There she came to know the real John Galt and was able to live with him for a month.

Molson coors

Countries around the world has indeed shied away from its isolationist tendencies and has embraced wholeheartedly the precepts of globalization, China is not a stranger to this phenomenon. With over a billion people, it has somehow developed into a lucrative market for investment. Owing to its potential, China is considered as the largest beer market in the world. Breweries worldwide are vying to be part of this huge market, and Molson Coors is in a position to be a major player. But caution is expressed because China is a complex market and product demand would vary from region to region. So if the desire of Molson Coors is to saturate the market in a nationwide level, then they need to be extra judicious in their marketing thrusts. Part of the government’s protectionist measures is to allow foreign investors to have a manufacturing and marketing agreement with a local counterpart. In so doing, products could reach consumers in all levels of Chinese society. In line with this policy, Molson Coors in August 2001 formed the subsidiary – Coors Beer Beverages (Suzhou) Co.,Ltd., the purpose being to distribute Coors Beer products into China. A brewing agreement has also been inked with Lion Nathan Beer and Beverages (Suzhou) Co. Ltd. in October 2001. Threats: As in all potential markets there will always be threats as interested investors and companies jockey for position and share in the manufacturing and beer distribution business. And since the market is still young and so huge, there will always be room for everybody. Depending on each company’s strategy, the one that can provide consumers the most value for their money will get the lion’s share of the market. Competition has started to manifest its ugly head as major players in the beer market are now poised to increase their market share. Recently though more breweries are coming into China (50 are reported recently). This is in addition to Budweiser, the current market leader; Carlsberg; Anheuser-Busch’s; SABMiller; Harbin Brewery and Scottish & Newcastle. Even with the frantic activity now experienced in China, the local beer market remains to be controlled by domestic players. This makes it a fragmented market and totally needs infusion of massive international capital which could come in the form of joint venture agreements. As a form of encouragement, China’s per capita beer consumption remains to be low – meaning the market has still so much room for development. References: â€Å"Bear in China 2006 A Market Analysis.† Research and Markets. December 2006. Research and Markets. 24 February 2008. . â€Å"China’s Beer Market: Still Room for Investment.† AP-Foodtechnology. 6 August 2004. Decision News Media SAS. 24 February 2008. . â€Å"SABMiller ‘top China beer seller.’†BBC News UK. 6 October 2006. BBC. 24 February 2008. . Edgar Online Inc. 11 March 2005. Edgar Online, Inc. 24 February 2008. .

The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology The WritePass Journal

The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology 1.0 Introduction The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology 1.0 Introduction1.1 History of the Focus Ion Beam (FIB) Technology1.2 Operational Overview1.3 Using Focus Ion Beam Systems 1.4 The Focus Ion Beam Instrument1.41 Ions in Operation1.42 Gallium (Ga+) Ions2.0 Focus Ion Beam System2.1  Ã‚   The Column2.2 Lens System2.3 Generation of Image2.4 Detector, Stage and Gas Injection2.5  Liquid Metal Ion Source (LMIS) 2.5  Milling2.7 Sample Preparation2.8 Imaging3.0   Conclusion Related 1.0 Introduction The Emerging field of nanoscale science, engineering and technology – that is the ability to work at the atomic, molecular and supramolecular levels, to create large structures with fundamentally new properties and functions have lead to an unrivalled understanding and control over basic building blocks of all natural and man-made things [roco]. This rapid advancement has lead to an increased demand for technological development on a nanoscale, which has brought about the birth and improvement of infrastructural changes aimed at representing and observing these features. The world wide focus over this time has been the evolution of methods including SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope), FIB (Focus Ion Beam) etcetera for the detailing of features at the nanoscale. 1.1 History of the Focus Ion Beam (FIB) Technology Focus Ion Beam (FIB) systems have been commercially produced, mostly for manufacturers of large semiconductors for about 20 years [www.fibics.com]. In 1982, Anazawa et al. produced a 35Kv Ga- source and about three years later Orloff and Sudruad proposed FIB system for implantation and lithography [sudruad], even though as of 1959, Feyman had suggested the use of ion beams [www.nanofib.com]. In 1985, Kato et al. have pointed out the advantages of the FIB technology in the fabrication of sub-micro structures. 1.2 Operational Overview The operation of the FIB are same as that of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), except that the focus ion beam system employs the use of focussed beam of   ions instead of beam of electrons utilised in the SEM systems[]. Commercialised nanoscience is limited by availability of tools. Using focussed ion beam system allows specified fabrication and imaging abilities which reduces greatly the characterization cycles and development required in the nano-technological field by scientist. The capabilities within focus ion beam ( FIB) are valued highly for rapid prototyping application. The deposition combination / direct etching of FIB in combination with digitally addressed patterning system allows nano prototyping engine with capabilities that will help researches in nano technology , because the operation of FIB is on both micro and nano scale, it can be used in creating the required structures. FIB has prà ©cised control over deposition and milling parameter and as such, it is the proper tool for creating small structures for nano technology in the top –down approach. It is a highly flexible, mask-less technique which is fast for serial techniques, thus allowing the FIB instrument very efficient for design modifications. Most conventional methods of sample preparation used today in life sciences are compatible with investigations by using FIB. 1.3 Using Focus Ion Beam Systems The direct applicability obtained in using FIB instrument is highly relevant in industrial applications. FIB instrument and its application have contributed immensely to industrial researches carried out in several analysis laboratories For instance in the polymer industry, metallurgy industry, nuclear research etcetera. The ability to image, mill and deposit material by using FIB instrument depends largely on the nature of the ion beam- solid interactions. Milling occurs as a result of physical sputtering of the target. In understanding the mechanism of sputtering we need to consider the interaction between an ion beam and the target. Sputtering usually takes place when there is elastic collision in series when momentum is transferred from the incident ions to the target atoms in the region of collision cascade. Ionization of a portion of the ejected atoms can be collected for mass analysis or image formation. Production of plasmons (in metals), phonons and emission of secondary el ectrons can occur as a result of inelastic scattering. Imaging in the focus ion beam is carried out by detecting the secondary ions/electrons typically, sputtering in focus ion beam processes occurs within energy ranges that are dominated by nuclear energy losses. Focus Ion beam devices are used to scan the surfaces of samples using simple focussed ion beams. The detection of secondary ions allows the processed surface of samples and microscopic images to be observed. The ion beam is generated by using liquid metal ion source (LMIS) when a beam of ion is irradiated on the surface of a specimen by finding the secondary ions with a detector a two dimensional distribution which shows the microscopic images of the surface of the specimen can be observed. 1.4 The Focus Ion Beam Instrument The Operation of the FIB technology uses a similar principle as the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) / TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) but differs in the use of ions and this introduces consequences of enormous magnitude for interaction which occur at the surface of the specimen. Using Focus Ion Beam (FIB) instrument involves two major parameters – penetration of ion into material and the rate of sputtering of ion of the material. When the emitted liquid metal ion source (LMIS) primary ion beam hits the surface of the specimen, it splutters a small amount of material this will leave the specimen surface as either neutral atoms or secondary ions – Secondary beams are also produced using the primary beam. Signals from the sputtered ion or secondary electron are collected to produce an image as the primary beam raster on the specimen surface. Liquid metal ion source (LMIS) development is crucial for the development of Focus Ion Beam (FIB) [www.dspace.cam.ac.uk] , application of electric field that are very high into a steering quadrupole, octupole deflector, two electrostatic lenses in the column   to focus ions in a beam and scan the beam on the specimen. Liquid metal ions source (LMIS) generates ions; these ions are focussed on electrostatic lenses. When specimen surfaces are bombarded using ions that have been extracted from the liquid metal ion source (LMIS) this generates ions, secondary electron and sputtered material and the various generated items serve different purpose in the focus ion beam. At high primary currents a large amount of material can be removed by sputtering thus allowing precision milling of the specimen down to the submicron scale, while less material is removed at low primary beam currents. The use of ions in focus ion beam instruments means that they cannot penetrate with ease individual atoms of the specimen because ions are large. So interaction usually occurs within outer shell interaction which causes chemical band breakage of the substrate atom and atomic ionization. Inner shell electrons of the specimen cannot be reached by an incoming ion. The probability of an interaction with atoms that are within the specimen is much higher because of the large ion size and this result in rapid loss of energy of the ion. This means that the depth of penetration is much lower. It should be noted that the main advantage of   the Focus Ion beam is its ability to produce image of the sample after which it mills the sample precisely away from the areas that are selected[ ]. 1.41 Ions in Operation Ions are slower when paired to electrons for the same energy, because they are much heavier as a result Lorenz force is lower, so the use of magnetic lenses is less effective, and as such the focussed ion beam instrument is equipped with electro static lenses. Ions are positive, slow, large and heavy; so the resulting ion beam will remove atoms from the substrate and because the size, beam position and dwell time are well controlled, it can be used in the removal of materials locally in a manner that is highly controlled down to the nanoscale. As a result of the actions due to the ions used in the Focus ion beam instrument, fabrication and imaging functions are derived. The fabrication function occurs due to the sputtering while the imaging function arises due to the ions and secondary electrons. 1.42 Gallium (Ga+) Ions The gallium ions are used in the focus ion beam (FIB) instruments for the following reasons [fei]; Due to its surface potential it exhibits very high brightness, the tip sharpness, the flow properties of the gun and the gun construction which results in field emission and ionization. This is an important result for the focussed ion beam. It should be noted that whatever chosen material should be ionized before the formation of the beam and then accelerated. The element Gallium is metallic and because of its low melting temperature is a very convenient material for compact gun construction with limited heating. Gallium is the centre of the periodic table and exhibits an optimal momentum transfer capability for a wide range of materials, lithium which is a higher element will not be sufficient in milling of heavier elements. Gallium element has low analytical interference 2.0 Focus Ion Beam System In the figure below, the FEJ 200 series type F113 of the FIB system is represented. In the figure are the various components of the system which includes the column, the specimen chamber and the detector; 2.1  Ã‚   The Column This is situated above the specimen chambers. It is made up of   two electrostatic lenses, a set of beam blanking plates, liquid metal ion source (LMIS), a beam acceptance aperture, steering quadrupole, beam defining aperture and an octupole deflector. 2.2 Lens System Coming from the source, the beam goes through a beam acceptance aperture after which it goes into the first lens. Above the beam- defining aperture (BDA), the quadrapole adjust the position of the beam in a manner as to allow the beam move through the center of the beam-defining aperture (BDA). The beam is aligned to the optical axis of the second lens’ quadrapole. Beam astigmatism correction, shift and scanning is provided by the octupole which is positioned below the second lens. Between the second lens assembly and the second lenses steering quadrapole we have the beam blanking assembly. This is made up of aperture and electrical path and blanking plates. Beam blanking provides specimens with protections against constant milling. 2.3 Generation of Image The primary beam is scanned as a raster across the specimen and it is made up of lines in vertical axis (shifted slightly from one another) and lies in the horizontal (in series). With scanning of the beam over the specimen the secondary ions and the secondary electrons that are generated by the specimen are detected. Details of this information are stored in the computer and images are produced from these information. 2.4 Detector, Stage and Gas Injection Control of rotation and X and Y axis is performed by software and it can be tilted to the XY plane manually. Gases of two types are evolved above the surface of the specimen at about 100 µm of distance. One of these gases is used for platinum deposition and the other for enhanced etch. During bombardment of ion in milling, species that are charged are formed and they are attracted to the detector. A glass of millions of arrays of minute channel electron multiplier is the detector; it is a micro channel plate (MCP). 2.5  Liquid Metal Ion Source (LMIS) LMIS is made of a needle emitter which has an end radius of 1 10 µm. It is coated with high surface tension metal which at its melting point has a low vapour pressure. This emitter is subjected to heating till the melting point of the metal is attained. A positive high voltage is placed on it. Using the balance between the surface tension forces and the electrostatic the liquid metal is drawn into a conical shape. The source that is commonly used is Gallium [dspace.mit.edu]. 2.5  Milling By using the scan control system, polygons, circles and lines can be milled. The table below represents the different beam currents and their corresponding milling spot sizes. The figure below gives us the pixel size and milling spot size and the beam overlap.   The overlap can be expressed as the overlapped area where the beam moves from a position to the other. And the time where the beam remains in a position is known as the dwell time.    2.7 Sample Preparation The three main strategies used in the focus ion beam sample preparation of specimen that will be inspected using TEM are: Ex situ lift-out (EXLO) preparation (Centre Image), H-Bar sample preparation (Left image) and In Situ lift-out (INLO) preparation (Right image) [info.omniprobe.com/blog/bid] 2.8 Imaging When ion beam is scanned on the surface of the specimen, it causes ions and electrons to be ejected. After scanning through the surface of the specimen the primary Gallium ion penetrate into the surface of the specimen. The depth of the penetration varies from one material to the other. The secondary electron yield is much higher than secondary ion yield during ion milling and thus is the reason why focus ion beam is usually used in the secondary electron mode. Secondary ions and secondary electrons are obtained within regions that are closer the surface of the specimen. 3.0   Conclusion In their work on the future of focus ion beam, the ORSAYPHYSICS group has shown that field of focus ion beam is open to expansion. Their projections with regards the extent to which focus ion beam can be deployed is shown in the figure below: Fig.     Ã‚   Current and Future FIB Technologies Source: felmi-zfe.tugraz.at/FIB/WS3_Beitraege/01%20Sudraud.pdf The use of FIB has been developed extensively over the years in applications like super conductor, field emission device, accelerometer etcetera. Armed with imaging capability of high resolution as its recently upgraded technologies, the focus ion beam (FIB) instrument is indeed technology that is providing solutions to problems that has been previously unresolved. This heralds the focus ion beam (FIB) instrument as an important device for the future in the nano science, technology and engineering environment.